The Influence of Socio-Demographic Factors is the central topic of this scientific publication.
Abstract
This study investigates the attitudes of local residents regarding the impacts of sustainable tourism development in two national parks in Montenegro: Skadar Lake National Park (NP) and Durmitor National Park (NP). The aim is to identify the key factors that shape these attitudes and to discern the differences in perceptions between the residents of these two areas. The research is based on the assumption that socio-demographic characteristics, such as gender, age, and level of education, significantly influence attitudes toward sustainable tourism development. Data were collected through a questionnaire covering various attitudes toward tourism. Analyses were conducted using multiple regression analysis, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Pearson’s correlation, with careful verification of all key statistical assumptions to ensure the validity of the results. The findings reveal significant differences in perceptions between residents of NP Skadar Lake and NP Durmitor. Respondents from NP Durmitor generally rated tourism’s positive and negative aspects higher than those from NP Skadar Lake. On the other hand, NP Skadar Lake residents exhibited more enthusiasm for tourism promotion and engagement in tourism development processes. It was concluded that socio-demographic characteristics, particularly education and age, influence attitudes toward tourism. These findings provide a basis for formulating recommendations to improve tourism development, considering local communities’ specific needs and perceptions in both national parks.
Conclusions
The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the influence of socio-demographic factors on residents’ attitudes toward sustainable tourism development in Skadar Lake and Durmitor National Parks. The results confirm that education, age, and gender significantly shape perceptions of tourism’s economic, environmental, and social impacts.
The study’s hypotheses were assessed through multiple regression analysis, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson’s correlation. The findings of this study provide empirical evidence supporting the revised hypotheses. Hypothesis 1, which proposed that education level influences residents’ perceptions of tourism, was partially confirmed, as education emerged as a key factor in shaping both positive and negative attitudes toward tourism. Hypothesis 2, which suggested that gender differences impact tourism perceptions, was strongly supported, with women displaying greater concern for environmental sustainability compared to men. Hypothesis 3, asserting that younger residents are more inclined to support tourism due to economic opportunities while older residents prioritise cultural preservation, was confirmed, highlighting generational differences in tourism perception. Finally, Hypothesis 4 which suggested that economic dependence on tourism shapes attitudes, was upheld, with individuals employed in tourism demonstrating more favourable views on its expansion. These results emphasise the importance of integrating socio-demographic factors into tourism policy and planning to foster sustainable and inclusive tourism development.
Comparative analysis between the two national parks revealed regional differences in attitudes toward tourism. Residents of NP Durmitor expressed stronger positive and negative opinions, likely due to the higher intensity of tourism activities in this region. In contrast, respondents from NP Skadar Lake displayed more enthusiasm for tourism development, seeing it as an opportunity for economic growth and infrastructure improvements. These findings underscore the importance of region-specific tourism strategies catering to each community’s needs and concerns.
This study underscores the vital role of local communities in shaping the tourism sector. Their active participation enriches visitor experiences and fosters mutual benefits for both residents and the broader economy. The government can create conditions conducive to sustainable growth in Durmitor and Skadar Lake National Parks by prioritising targeted tourism investments. Strengthening infrastructure, enhancing services, and increasing community involvement would generate more employment opportunities, elevate living standards, and help curb rural-to-urban migration—an ongoing challenge for many emerging tourist destinations in Montenegro.
Despite these national parks’ immense potential, findings indicate that local residents remain underrepresented in the tourism planning process. While they possess valuable knowledge of their environment and a willingness to engage, their influence in decision-making remains limited. This highlights the need for a tailored, region-specific approach to tourism development in these areas.
For Durmitor National Park, where tourism is already well-established, efforts should focus on minimising negative impacts while promoting sustainable practices that protect the environment, cultural heritage, and traditional way of life. Enforcing strict environmental regulations, fostering community-led conservation efforts, and implementing responsible tourism strategies will be key to preserving the park’s ecological integrity and long-term sustainability. In contrast, Skadar Lake National Park—still realising its full tourism potential—offers a unique opportunity to involve residents more actively in shaping its future. By harnessing their enthusiasm and deep-rooted knowledge, policymakers and tourism stakeholders can cultivate an inclusive, community-driven tourism model that balances economic development with environmental conservation and social well-being.
This study contributes to the existing literature on sustainable tourism by providing empirical evidence on how socio-demographic factors shape residents’ attitudes. The practical implications of these findings suggest that policymakers and tourism planners should consider targeted educational programmes, participatory decision-making processes, and adaptive management strategies to ensure sustainable tourism development that aligns with the expectations and needs of local communities.
However, the study has several limitations. Its reliance on self-reported survey data may introduce response bias, and its cross-sectional nature does not account for changes in attitudes over time. Future research should consider longitudinal studies to track the evolution of local perceptions and expand the geographical scope to include additional regions in Montenegro and beyond.
Ultimately, the study highlights the importance of adaptive, locally focused tourism strategies that reflect the unique needs of each national park. By increasing local participation, enforcing sustainable tourism policies, and ensuring balanced economic growth, Montenegro can position Durmitor and Skadar Lake National Parks as exemplary destinations for responsible and community-centred tourism. This study reinforces the critical role of residents in shaping sustainable tourism strategies within protected areas. By demonstrating the influence of socio-demographic factors on tourism perceptions, the findings contribute to a growing body of literature advocating for community-based tourism models. The study emphasises the importance of enhancing local participation, improving educational outreach, and integrating community-driven approaches into tourism planning. Policymakers and tourism stakeholders must adopt more inclusive and participatory frameworks to ensure that tourism development aligns with economic aspirations and environmental conservation efforts.
How to cite
Manojlović, B., Cvetković, V. M., Renner, R., Grozdanić, G., & Perošević, N. (2025). The Influence of Socio-Demographic Factors on Local Attitudes Towards Sustainable Tourism Development in Skadar Lake and Durmitor National Parks, Montenegro. Sustainability, 17(7), 3200. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17073200
